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Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2019, Vol. 54, № 2, p. 216-226.
(how to cite this article)

doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2019.2.216eng

UDC: 636.1:619:578.7

 

VACCINES AGAINST EQUINE INFLUENZA (review)

L.V. Kostina1, T.V. Grebennikova1, A.D. Zaberezhnyi1,2, T.I. Aliper1,2

1GamaleyaNational Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 18, ul. Gamalei, Moscow, 123098 Russia, e-mail t_grebennikova@mail.ru, lvkostina@mail.ru (✉ corresponding author);
2Federal Scientific Centre Skryabin and Kovalenko All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary RAS, 24/2, Ryazanskii Prosp., Moscow, 109428 Russia, e-mail zaberezhny@mail.ru, aliper@narvac.com

ORCID:
Kostina L.V. orcid.org/0000-0002-9556-1454
Zaberezhnyi A.D. orcid.org/0000-0001-7635-2596
Grebennikova T.V. orcid.org/0000-0002-6141-9361
Aliper T.I. orcid.org/0000-0002-5876-2425

Received June 21, 2018

 

Equine influenza is a highly infectious disease that can rapidly spread and induce high morbidity in susceptible horse populations (K.P. Yurov, 2009; S.P. Waghmare et al., 2010). Equine influenza is caused by RNA viruses are belonged to the genus Influenzavirus A of the family Orthomyxoviridae (A.D. Zaberezhnyi et al., 2017). Two different equine influenza virus (EIV) subtypes have been recognized based on antigenic properties of the envelope glycoproteins (HA and NA), the H7N7 subtype (equi-1) and the H3N8. The H7N7 subtype was first isolated in Czechoslovakia in 1956 (prototype strain: A/eq/Prague/1/56). The last confirmed outbreak occurred in 1979 in Italy. The H3N8 subtype of EIV is still circulating in the most countries of the world and has caused outbreaks of disease US and Europe (R. Paillot, 2014; B. Cowled et al., 2009; C.O. Perglione et al., 2016; A.I. Kydyrmanov et al., 200;). Vaccination is one of the most effective tools, alongside isolation, movement restriction and basic biosecurity measures, to prevent EIV infection or to limit its consequences (S.S. Wong et al., 2013). The main goal of vaccination against equine influenza is a significant reduction in clinical signs of disease, virus replication and shedding. Potent EIV vaccines reduce virus transmission and increase resistance to infection (D.J. Baker, 1986). Because of effectiveness EIV vaccines depends on antigenic homology between vaccines and circulates strains of EIV all equine influenza vaccines should contain epidemiologically relevant strains recommended by the OIE (OIE Expert Surveillance Panel on Equine Influenza Vaccine Composition, 2017; R. Paillot, 2014). In accordance with last OIE recommendations EIV vaccines should contain both clade 1 and clade 2 viruses of the Florida sublineage. Clade 1 continues to be represented by A/eq/South Africa/04/2003-like or A/eq/Ohio/2003-like viruses. Clade 2 continues to be represented by A/eq/Richmond/1/2007-like viruses. It is not necessary to include an H7N7 virus or an H3N8 virus of the Eurasian lineage in vaccines (R. Paillot, 2014; OIE Headquarters, 2017). This review gives actual data about the types of licensed vaccines against equine influenza. Whole inactivated/sub-unit, live-attenuated and viral-vector based vaccines are considered. Numerous experimental EIV vaccines developed with modern molecular biology technique have been reported. Reverse genetics techniques which provide a good tool for the generation of recombinant influenza viruses and develop both inactivated and live-attenuated influenza vaccines are also discussed (E.-J. Jung et al., 2010; E. Hof-fmann et al., 2010; Y. Uchida et al., 2014). Reverse genetics allows generation of artificial recombinant influenza viruses and provides the possibility to rapidly and easily modify the antigenic characteristics of the vaccine strain by genetic manipulation.

Keywords: equine influenza, vaccines, vaccination, whole inactivated vaccines, sub-unit vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, viral-vector based vaccines, recombinant vaccines, reverse genetics.

 

 

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