doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2017.2.349eng
UDC 636.084.524:637.4.04::547.396
Acknowledgements:
Supported by the grant from Russian Science Foundation under project 16-16-04047 for the development of functional egg products enriched with essential nutrients, optimal metabolic parameters and low allergenicity.
FUNCTIONAL EGG PRODUCTION. I. THE ROLE OF ω-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS (review)
A.Sh. Kavtarashvili, I.L. Stefanova, V.S. Svitkin, E.N. Novotorov
Federal Scientific Center All-Russian Research and Technological Poultry Institute RAS, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations,10, ul. Ptitsegradskaya, Sergiev Posad, Moscow Province, 141311 Russia, e-mail alexk@vnitip.ru (corresponding author), dp.vniipp@mail.ru, 89267796966@yandex.ru, en-5506040@mail.ru
The authors declare no conflict of interests
ORCID:
Kavtarashvili A.Sh. orcid.org/0000-0001-9108-1632 |
Svitkin V.S. orcid.org/0000-0002-4161-0986 |
Stefanova I.L. orcid.org/0000-0002-4394-5149 |
Novotorov E.N. orcid.org/0000-0003-4478-3206 |
Received November 30, 2016
The world’s market of functional foodstuffs is a permanently growing sector. Functional foods should meet the nutritive requirements of the consumers and render therapeutic and/or preventive effects on human health. Functional eggs enriched with different bioactive substances are one of the most voluminous segments of this market (N. Shapira, 2010). High rate and flexibility of avian lipid metabolism allow fast modifications in egg yolk composition via corresponding alterations in the diets of laying hens. In the last decades nutritionists pay increasingly close attention to ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), primarily α-linolenic (ALA, C18:3), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, C20:5), and docosahexaenoic (DHA, C22:6) acids due to the benefits for human health and necessity for brain development, retinal function, prevention of cardiovascular diseases, etc. (A. Simopoulos, 2001); human diets in most countries including Russia are severely deficient in these essential fatty acids. Flexibility of avian lipid metabolism allows transfer of dietary PUFAs into eggs after 1-2 weeks of feeding PUFA-enriched diets (C.O. Leskanich, R.C. Noble, 1997). However, any increase in PUFA contents in dietary lipids can lead to definite changes in lipid metabolism in layers affecting productivity and egg quality: a decrease in blood level of total fat and triacylglycerols, an increase in hepatic level and catabolism of triacylglycerols which can cause the fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS), as well as the decrease in yolk and egg weight (M.E. Van Elswyk, 1997). Another common problem related to egg enrichment with ω-3 PUFAs is fishy taint phenomenon: panel tests often characterize enriched eggs as smelling fish-like, and this effect deteriorates market attractiveness of these eggs (F. Bubel et al., 2011). Diets for laying hens for the production of ω-3 PUFA enriched eggs usually contain one of the three types of dietary PUFA sources. The first is fish oil from different species; its advantages include higher levels of long-chain PUFAs (LC-PUFAs), primarily EPA and DHA in resulting enriched eggs. Major disadvantages of fish oil, however, are instability of composition and high susceptibility to oxidation; frequent appearance of fishy taint even at the lowest levels of inclusion into the diets; relatively high price, market availability, and contamination with typical oceanic pollutants (I. Fraeye et al., 2012). The second type of additives is flax products, seeds, cake or oil containing substantially lesser amounts of LC-PUFAs compared to fish oil while being extremely rich in ALA (over 50 % of total fatty acids); ALA-enriched lipids in diets, layer body and eggs are more resistant to oxidation. The data of numerous studies suggests that reasonable level of inclusion of flaxseed products into the diets for layers are 5-8 % for seed and cake and 3 % for oil; these doses are reportedly beneficial for productivity and egg quality (E.M. Goldberg et al., 2013). In Russia flax products are available and inexpensive, and can therefore represent the most profitable dietary source of ω-3 PUFA for layers. The third type additives are macro- and microalgal species which are less available and still understudied, though the recent research data show that these additives can be the most promising dietary sources of ω-3 PUFA (J.H. Park et al., 2015). Enrichment of feeds and eggs with ω-3 PUFA requires additional dietary antioxidants to prevent lipid oxidation (Ch. Nimalaratne, J. Wu, 2015); the most efficient and well-studied antioxidant is vitamin E which is, after that, a valuable bioactive substance per se for egg enrichment. The data of different experiments with different ω-3 PUFA sources are often inconsistent and controversial due to the close relation to the multifaceted avian lipid metabolism, and comparative analysis of these studies is further complicated by the lack of estimated parameters; it could be helpful, therefore, to launch an international database related to these experiments and containing raw datasets which could be statistically analyzed and compared in a more efficient way.
Keywords: functional eggs, polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3, lipid metabolism, flax seed and oil, fish oil.
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