doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2014.2.20eng
UDC 636.5:57.04:574.24:57.087
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES TO STRESS DIAGNOSTICS IN POULTRY (review)
A.V. Miftakhutdinov
Ural State Academy of Veterinary Medicine,
13, ul. Gagarina, Troitsk, Chelyabinsk Province, 457100 Russia,
e-mail: nirugavm@mail.ru
Received October 3, 2012
Special data concerning stresses in poultry and their diagnostics in the laboratories and at the commercial farms are summarized. To estimate the adaptation mechanisms and individual stress resistance in chickens, different procedures have been reported till now. But the methods in which the blood biochemical stress markers must be analyzed are hard to use at commercial farms so far as special equipment and qualified personnel are required. Besides, the biochemical data from these tests are not reliable and accurate. Calculation of the blood heterophyls to lymphocytes ratio is considered as easier and more informative, and the feathering is referred as the highly valuable indicator of chronic stresses, especially if combined with the stress hormones contents in blood and the time of tonic immobility of chickens. Nevertheless, to evaluate these parameters, a chicken should be subject to the manipulations which are the stressors itself, while only the minimal impact ensures a reliable stress indication. Because of that we improved the method which allows diagnosing stress in parent flocks of the meat chickens by corticosterone test in excrements. The method can be used to control anti-stress therapy, to optimize the chicken flock size and crowded conditions, and to analyze the impact of applied technologies and veterinary treatments in poultry.
Keywords: stress, hens, chickens, diagnostics of stresses.
REFERENCES
1. Fisinin V.I., Papazyan T., Surai P. Ptitsevodstvo, 2009, 8: 10-14.
2. Fisinin V.I., Kravchenko H.A. Doklady VASKHNIL, 1977, 7: 29-30.
3. Kavtarashvili A.Sh., Kolokol'nikova T.N. Physiology and productivity of poultry under stress (review). Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2010, 4: 25-37.
4. Surai P., Fisinin V.I. The modern anti-stress technologies in poultry: from antioxidants to vitagenes. Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2012, 4: 3-12.5. Fisinin V.I., Surai P. Ptitsa i ptitseprodukty, 2012, 3: 38-41.
6. Fisinin V.I., Surai P. Ptitsevodstvo, 2012, 2: 11-15.
7. Fisinin V.I., Surai P. Ptitsevodstvo, 2012, 3: 9-12.
8. Fisinin V.I., Surai P. Ptitsa i ptitseprodukty, 2012, 4: 36-40.
9. Surai P., Fisinin V.I. Materialy XVII Mezhdunarodnoi konferentsii VNAP «Innovatsionnye razrabotki i ikh osvoenie v promyshlennom ptitsevodstve» [Proc. XVII Int. Conf. «Innovations and their use in commercial poultry]. Sergiev Posad, 2012: 24-34.
10. Fisinin V.I., Surai P. Ptitsa i ptitseprodukty, 2011, 5: 23-27.
11. Fisinin V.I., Papazyan T.T., Surai P.F. Zhivotnovodstvo segodnya, 2009, 3: 62-67.
12. Fisinin V.I., Papazyan T.T., Surai P.F. Selenium in poultry nutrition. In: Current advances in selenium research and applications. Taylor-Pickard, Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 2008: 221-261.
13. Fisinin V.I., Mudryi I.N., Kravchenko N.A. Doklady VASKHNIL, 1975, 8: 26-29.
14. Fisinin V.I., Kravchenko N.A. Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 1979, XIV(2): 191-194.
15. Dawkins M.S. Behavior as a tool in the assessment of animal welfare. Zoology, 2003, 106: 383-387.
16. Zabudskii Yu.I. Materialy Tret'ei mezhdunarodnoi irano-rossiiskoi konferentsii «Sel'skoe khozyaistvo i prirodnye resursy» [Proc. 3d Int. Conf. «Iran—Russia: Agriculture and natural resources»]. Moscow, 2002: 134-135.
17. Brown K.L. Environmental control in poultry production. Oliver& Boyd, Edinburg, 1967: 101-113.
18. Blokhuis H.J., Van Niekerk T.F., Bessei W., Elson A., Guemene D., Kjaer J.B., Levrino G.A.M., Nicol C.J., Tauson R., Weeks C.A., De Weerd H.A.V. Welfare implications of changes in production systems for laying hens. World's Poult. Sci. J., 2007, 63(1): 101-114.
19. Fisinin V.I., Kravchenko N.A. Ptitsevodstvo, 1977, 7: 29-30.
20. Vozianov A.F., Butenko A.K., Zak K.P. Tsitokiny. Biologicheskie i protivovospalitel'nye svoistva [Cytokines. Biological and anti-inflammatory properties]. Kiev, 1998.
21. Fisinin V.I. Vestnik sel'skokhozyaistvennoi nauki, 1976, 4: 81-85.
22. Mormede P., Andanson S., Auprein B., Beerda B., Guemene D., Mal-mkvist J., Manteca X., Manteuffel G., Prunet P., Van Reenen C.G., Richard S., Viessier J. Exploration of the hypothalamic-adrenal-axis as a tool to evaluate animal welfare. Physiol. Behav., 2007, 92: 317-339.
23. Craig J.V., Muir W.M. Group selection for adaptation to multiple-hen cages: behavioral responses. Poultry Sci., 1996, 75: 1145-1155. CrossRef
24. Goldstein D.S. Catecholamines and stress. Endocrine Regulations, 2003, 37: 69-80.
25. Holladay S.D., Edens F.W. Effect of caponization on central nervous system monoamines in the Japanese quail. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 1987, 86(3): 465-468. CrossRef
26. Goldstein D.S. Plasma norepinephrine as an indicator of sympathetic neural activity in clinical cardiology. Am. J. Cardiol., 1981, 48: 1147-1154. CrossRef
27. Dillon J.E., Raleigh M.J., Mcguire M.T., Bergin-Pollack D., Yuwiler A. Plasma catecholamines and social behavior in male vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus). Physiol. Behav., 1992, 51: 973-977. CrossRef
28. Brown K.I., Nestor K.E. Implications of selection for high and low adrenal response to stress. Poultry Sci., 1974, 53: 1297-1306. CrossRef
29. Moffitt T.E., Brammer G.L., Caspi A., Fawcett J.P., Raleigh M., Yuwiler A., Silva P. Whole blood serotonin relates to violence in an epidemiological study. Biological Psychiatry, 1998, 43: 446-457. CrossRef
30. Lorrain D.S., Matuszewich L., Hull E.M. 8-OH-DPAT influences extracellular levels of serotonin and dopamine in the medial preoptic area of male rats. Brain Res., 1998, 790: 217-223. CrossRef
31. Glick B. Antibody and gland studies in cortisone and ACTH-injected birds. J. Immunol., 1967, 98: 1076-1084.
32. Korte S.M., Beuving G., Ruesink W., Blockhuis H.J. Plasma catecholamine and corticosterone levels during manual restraint in chicks from a high and low feather pecking line of laying hens. Physiol. Behav., 1997, 62: 437-441. CrossRef
33. Virden W.S., Thaxton J.P., Corzo A., Dozier W.A., Kidd M.T. Environment, well-being and behavior evaluation of models using corticosterone and adrenocorticotropin to induce conditions mimicking physiological stress in commercial broilers. Poultry Sci., 2007, 86: 2485-2491.
34. Shini S., Kaiser P., Shini A., Bryden W.L. Biological response of chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) induced by corticosterone and a bacterial endotoxin. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 2008, 149: 324-333. CrossRef
35. Rushen J. Problems associated with the interpretation of physiological data in the assessment of animal welfare. Appl. Animal Behav. Sci., 1991, 28: 381-386. CrossRef
36. Moneva P., Popova-Ralcheva S., Abadjieva D., Gudev D., Sredkova V. Poultry welfare assessment, is it possible to avoid handling-induced mental stress interference? Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 2009, 25(5-6): 1055-1062.
37. Miftakhutdinov A.V. Problemy biologii produktivnykh zhivotnykh, 2012, 1: 46-52.
38. Buyse J., Decuypere E., Darras V.M., Vleurick L.M., Kuhn E.R., Veldhuis J.D. Food deprivation and feeding of broiler chickens is associated with rapid and interdependent changes in the somatotriphic and thyrotropic axes. Br. Poult. Sci., 2000, 41: 107-116. CrossRef
39. De Jong I.C., Van Voorst A.S., Erkens J.H.F., Ehlhardt D.A., Blokhuis H.J. Determination of the circadian rhythm in plasma corticosterone and catecholamine concentrations in growing broiler breeders using intravenous cannulation. Physiol. Behav., 2001, 74: 299-304. CrossRef
40. Savory C.J., Mann J. Is there a role for corticosterone in expression of abnormal behaviour in restricted-fed fowls? Physiol. Behav., 1997, 62: 7-13. CrossRef
41. Gross W.B., Siegel H.S. Evaluation of the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio as a measure of stress in chickens. Avian Diseases, 1983, 27(4): 972-979. CrossRef
42. Maxwell M.H., Hocking P.M., Robertson G.W. Differential leucocyte responses to various degrees of food restriction in broilers, turkeys and ducks. Br. Poult. Sci., 1992, 33: 177-187. CrossRef
43. Edens F.W., Siegel H.S. Adrenal responses in high and low ACTH response lines of chickens during acute heat stress. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 1975, 25: 64-73. CrossRef
44. Maxwell M.H. Avian blood leucocyte responses to stress. World's Poult. Sci. J., 1993, 49: 34-43. CrossRef
45. Post J., Rebel J.M., Huurne A.A. Physiological effect of elevated plasma corticosterone concentrations in broiler chickens, an alternative means by which to assess the physiological effects of stress. Poultry Sci., 2003, 82: 1313-1318. CrossRef
46. Maxwell M.H., Robertson G.M. The avian heterophil leucocyte: a review. World's Poult. Sci. J., 1998, 54: 155-178. CrossRef
47. Altan O., Altan A., Qabuk M., Bayraktar H. Effects of heat stress on some blood parameters in broilers. Turkish J. Vet. Animal Sci., 2000, 24: 145-148.
48. Zabudskii Yu.I., Skutar' I.G. Veterinariya, 1993, 3: 44-46.
49. Felten S.Y., Madden K.S., Bellinger D.L., Kruszewska B., Moynihan J.A., Felten D.L. The role of the sympathetic nervous system in the modulation of immune responses. Adv. Pharmacol., 1998, 42: 583-587. CrossRef
50. Kang S.-Y., Ko Y.-H., Moon Y.-S., Sohn S.-H., Jang I.-S. Effects of the sombined stress induced by stocking density and feed restriction on hematological and cytokine parameters as stress indicators in laying hens. Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Societies, 2011, 24(3): 414-420.
51. Jones R.B. Fear and adaptability in poultry: insights, implications and imperatives. World's Poult. Sci. J., 1996, 52: 131-174.
52. Blokhuis H.J., Beuving G. Feather pecking and other characteristics in two lines of laying hen. Proc. the 4th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare /C.J. Savory, B.O. Hughes (eds.). Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, Potters Bar, UK, 1993: 266.
53. Vestergaard K.S., Kruijtt J.P., Hogan J.A. Feather pecking and chronic fear in groups of red jungle fowl: their relations to dustbathing, rearing environment and social stress. Animal Behav., 1993, 62: 413-419.
54. Jones R.B., Blockhuis H.J., Beuving H.J. Open field and tonic immobility responses in domestic chicks of two genetic lines differing in their propensity to feather peck. Br. Poult. Sci., 1995, 36: 525-530. CrossRef
55. Folsch D.W., Benelli A., Gozzoli L. Die Auswirkungen der Bodenund Batterihaltung mit Unterschiedlicher Besatzdichte auf die Fortbewegung und das Gefieder von Legehennen. Proc. 6th European Poultry Conference. Hamburg, 1980: 160-168.
56. Shcherbatov V.I., Sidorenko L.I., Levchenko E.V., Pakhomova T.I., Kutovenko T.A., Dzholova M.N. Sposob prognoza stressa u yaichnykh kur. Patent RF na izobretenie ¹ 2151502, A01K67/02. Opubl. 27.06.2000, Byul. 2-2003 [Method to predict stress in egg hens. Patent of the Russian Federation ? 2151502, A01K67/02. Published 27.06.2000, Bull. 2-2003].
57. Tauson R., Kjaer J., Maria G., Cepero R., Holm K. The creation of a common scoring system for the integument and health of laying hens. In: Applied scoring of integument and health in laying hens. Specific Targeted Research Project. Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, 2004: 70.
58. Grigor P.N., Hughes B.O., Appleby M.C. Social inhibition of movement in domestic hens. Animal Behav., 1995, 49: 1381-1388. CrossRef
59. Salamano G., Mellia E., Tarantola M., Gennero M.S., Doglione L., Schiavone A. Acute phase proteins and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio in laying hens in different housing systems. Vet. Record, 2010, 167: 749-751. CrossRef
60. Downing J. Non-invasive assessment of stress in commercial housing systems. A report for the Australian Egg Corporation Limited. Australian Egg Corporation Limited. AECL Publication No US108A, 2012: 69.
61. Rettenbacher S., Mostl E., Groothuis T.G.G. Gestagens and glucocorticoids in chicken eggs. Gen. Compar. Endocrinol., 2009, 164: 125-129. CrossRef
62. Royo F., Mayo S., Carlsson H.E., Hau J. Egg corticosterone: a noninvasive measure of stress in egg-laying birds. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 2008, 22: 310-314.
63. Rogovin K.A., Tupikin A.A., Randall Dzh.A., Kolosova I.E., Moshkin M.P. Zhurnal obshchei biologii, 2006, 1(67): 37-52.
64. Mostl E., Rettenbacher S., Palme R. Measurement of corticosterone metabolites in birds droppings: an analytical approach. Annual New York Academy Science, 2005, 1046: 17-34. CrossRef
65. Miftakhutdinov A.V. Sposob opredeleniya stressovogo sostoyaniya kur myasnogo napravleniya produktivnosti. Polozhitel'noe reshenie na vydachu patenta na izobretenie po zayavke ¹ 2011120009 ot 18.05.2011 [Method to estimate stress in meat hens. Application for Innovation Certificate of the Russian Federation ¹ 2011120009, May 18, 2011]. Crop Sci., 1998, 38: 243-248.