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Goncharuk E.A., Nechayeva T.L., Kartashov A.V, Zagoskina N.V. Cultivation of flax (Linum L.) sprouts and their response to the cadmium ions’ effect in vitro: the stress reaction level and polyphenols accumulation. Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2024, Vol. 59, № 5, p. 995-1007.
(how to cite this article)

doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2024.5.995eng

UDC: 633.52:581.1

Acknowledgements:
Сarried out within the framework of the state assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (No. 122042600086-7)

 

CULTIVATION OF FLAX (Linum L.) SPROUTS AND THEIR RESPONSE TO THE CADMIUM IONS’ EFFECT in vitro: THE STRESS REACTION LEVEL AND POLYPHENOLS ACCUMULATION

E.A. Goncharuk ✉, T.L. Nechayeva, A.V. Kartashov, N.V. Zagoskina

Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35, Botanicheskaya ul., Moscow, 127276 Russia, e-mail
goncharuk.ewgenia@yandex.ru (✉ corresponding author), NechaevaTatyana.07@yandex.ru, botanius@yandex.ru, nzagoskina@mail.ru

ORCID:
Goncharuk E.A. orcid.org/0000-0002-9280-9450
Kartashov A.V. orcid.org/0000-0001-8556-8719
Nechayeva T.L. orcid.org/0000-0003-3341-4763
Zagoskina N.V. orcid.org/0000-0002-1457-9450

Final revision received August 23, 2024
Accepted September 16, 2024

In the species diversity of the genus Linum L., represented by more than 200 species, the only cultivated one is Linum usitatissimum L. The most popular flax products (or flax cultivation products) include high-strength flax fiber, its processed products — cake and chaff, as well as highly nutritious flaxseed oil as a source of short-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, linolenic acid, vitamins A, B, D and E, fiber and protein. High decorativeness of flax in landscapes are also noted. Today, the ecological situation in flax-growing regions is unfavorable, including due to environmental pollution with heavy metals, in particular cadmium (Cd), a highly toxic and mobile element of the first hazard class in the soil solution. Its priming action inhibits physiologically important growth processes, increases the generation of active oxygen forms, and initiates the oxidation of proteins and lipids. All this disrupts the efficient functioning and activity of the antioxidant system in plants, including its non-enzymatic component, represented by low-molecular antioxidants, including polyphenols. The latter are capable of interacting with active forms of oxygen, the amount of which increases under the influence of Cd. In this work, the stress response to the action of this representative of heavy metals in in vitro seedlings of three varieties of flax as a model biotechnological system was assessed for the first time, and their ability to accumulate polyphenols, effective bioantioxidants and the main components of the phenolic complex, was studied. A comparison of in vitro responses of seedlings to the action of Cd was carried out when assessing their morphophysiological characteristics, the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the content of phenolic compounds, including phenylpropanoids and flavonoids. The objects of the study were in vitro sterile seedlings of fibre flax (variety Lenok), oil flax (variety Sanlin) (L. usitatissimum), and ornamental flax (large-flowered flax, variety Red) (L. grandiflorum Desf.). To obtain them, sequential sterilization of seeds was carried out, which were then placed on sucrose-containing (2 %) hormone-free agar nutrient media Murashige-Skoog (fibre flax and oil flax) and Gamborg B5 (large-flowered flax). During the experiment, 14-day-old flax seedlings were exposed to exogenous action of 75 μM aqueous solution of cadmium nitrate (experimental treatment) or water (control treatment) by introducing into the root zone. After 7-day exposure, morphometric parameters of seedlings (length of hypocotyl and main root) and their water content were analyzed. Biochemical determinations were carried out in plant material fixed with liquid nitrogen. The Cd content was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Phenolic compounds were extracted with 96% ethanol, and the content of the sum of phenolic compounds, phenylpropanoids, and flavonoids was determined spectrophotometrically. The LPO level was assessed by the reaction with thiobarbituric acid. It was found that in vitro seedlings of three flax varieties differed in physiological and biochemical parameters, which determines their response to the action of Cd. Already in the early stages of ontogenesis in vitro, species specificity was manifested in the formation of the root system, the formation of LPO reaction products, the accumulation of phenolic compounds and the absorption of the heavy metal. The highest Cd content was found in in vitro flax seedlings, a more efficient Cd accumulator compared to oil flax and large-flowered flax. It exceeded this indicator for oil flax and large-flowered flax by 20.2 and 23.6 %, respectively (р ≤ 0.05). The LPO level decreased only in oil flax and large-flowered flax by 24.2 and 34.2 %, р ≤ 0.05, respectively, compared to the control, which indicates activation of their defense systems in response to the pollutant. An increase in the total content of phenolic compounds, as well as their various classes (phenylpropanoids and flavonoids) in response to the action of Cd occurred only in oil flax (by 14 %, 70 % and 49 %, respectively, р ≤ 0.05) vs. the control, which indicates the process of activation of protective systems. All the data obtained demonstrate different responses in vitro of seedlings of the three flax varieties to the action of Cd, which are due to their species specificity. Under these conditions, a more pronounced response at the level of phenolic metabolism is characteristic of oil flax, which was distinguished by a high ability to form these secondary compounds and activation of the functioning of the antioxidant system relative to two other representatives of the genus Linum.

Keywords: in vitro sprouts, cadmium, morphology, lipid peroxidation, polyphenols, Linum usitatissimum L.

 

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