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Bogolyubova N.V., Nekrasov R.V., Bardukov N.V., Zelenchenkova A.A., Rykov R.A., Lakhonin P.D., Kolesnik N.S., Bogolyubova J.A. On the biological effects of melanin in feeding broiler cross Smena 9 chickens (Gallus gallus L.). Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2024, Vol. 59, № 4, p. 759-772.
(how to cite this article)

doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2024.4.759eng

UDC: 636.5.033:636.084:591.1

Acknowledgements:
Supported financially from the Russian Scince Foundation (project Nо, 22-16-00024)

 

ON THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MELANIN IN FEEDING BROILER CROSS SMENA 9 CHICKENS (Gallus gallus L.)

N.V. Bogolyubova ✉, R.V. Nekrasov, N.V. Bardukov,
A.A. Zelenchenkova, R.A. Rykov, P.D. Lakhonin, N.S. Kolesnik,
J.A. Bogolyubova

Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry,60, pos. Dubrovitsy, Podolsk District, Moscow Province, 142132 Russia, e-mail 652202@mail.ru (✉ corresponding author), nek_roman@mail.ru, bardukv-nikolajj@mail.ru, aly4383@mail.ru, brukw@bk.ru, lakhonin.99@mail.ru,  kominisiko@mail.ru, bogolyubovajulia@gmail.com

ORCID:
Bogolyubova N.V. orcid.org/0000-0002-0520-7022
Rykov R.A. orcid.org/0000-0003-0228-8901
Nekrasov R.V. orcid.org/0000-0003-4242-2239
Lakhonin P.D. orcid.org/0000-0002-7354-0337
Bardukov N.V. orcid.org/0000-0002-5497-2409
Kolesnik N.S. orcid.org/0000-0002-4267-5300
Zelenchenkova A.A orcid.org/0000-0001-8862-3648
Bogolyubova J.A. orcid.org/0009-0000-8237-357X

Final revision received March 19, 2024

Accepted June 06, 2024

 

Dietary antioxidant adaptogens are of interest to improve health, immune and antioxidant status of intensively growing poultry. This work aimed to comprehensively assess the effect of the adaptogen melanin on feed conversion, biochemical and antioxidant status, and the expression of enzyme genes involved in antioxidant protection and immune response in domestic cross Smena 9 broiler chickens (Gallus gallus L.). The cross resultes from crossing cocks of the Cornish CM56 paternal line with hens of the Plymouth Rock CM79 maternal line. The studies were carried out in the physiological yard of the Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry on broiler chickens (n = 42, 50 % hens and 50 % cockerels in each group). From 7 to 45 days, the experimental birds were fed water-soluble dietary melanin at 1.42 mg/kg of live weight (LW). To determine the utilization of feed nutrients, a physiological experiment was carried out on day 35 according to common methods (n = 6 in each group). For the biochemical assessment of pro- and antioxidant status, blood was sampled form 10, 20, and 54 birds slaughtered by decapitation at the age of 12, 26 and 45 days, respectively. The assessed parameters were the concentrations of total protein, albumins, globulins, glucose, triglycerides, bilirubin, cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, chlorides; activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase; the number of red blood cells, the hemoglobin content, hematocrit, the concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS), ceruloplasmin activity (CP), total amount of water-soluble antioxidants (TAWSA), TBARS/CP ratio, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, total antioxidant status (TAS). At the end of the experiment, we assessed the relative expression of genes involved in antioxidant defense (AOD), namely catalase CAT, glutathione peroxidase GSH-Gpx, heme oxygenase 1 HO-1, superoxide dismutase SOD, NF-E2-related transcription factor 2  Nrf2, and in the immune response, namely avian beta defensin 9 AvBD9, interleukin 6 IL6, interleukin 8 IL8 in the caecum and liver of 10 birds from each group. Feeding melanin improved the digestibility of crude fat (CF) by 4.5 % (p < 0.01) and increased protein nitrogen deposition by 2.14 %. At 26 days of age, in the chickens fed melanin, there were a significant decrease in blood glucose levels (by 14.58 % at p < 0.05), an increase in the Ca/P ratio (p < 0.05), a decrease in phosphorus levels (by 11.94 % at p < 0.05) and magnesium (by 13.04 % at p < 0.05), while the chloride levels increased (by 1.05 % at p < 0.05). At 45 days of age, in birds fed melanin the blood glucose decreased by 13.81 % (p < 0.05), cholesterol by 20.57 % (p < 0.001), calcium by 7.41 % (p < 0.001), phosphorus by 9.27 % (p < 0.01), magnesium by 17.61 % (p < 0.001), and chlorides by 7.79 % (p < 0.001). The antioxidant properties of melanin were most pronounced in the middle and at the final stage of fattening. When feeding melanin in the blood of broilers at 26 days of age, an increase in the level of TAWSA by 9.5 % (p < 0.05) and SOD activity by 14.7 % (p < 0.05) was observed compared to the control. At 45 days of age, the administration of melanin led to a significant increase in total antioxidant status (TAS) by 11.9 % (p < 0.05). The data on the relative expression of AOD and immune genes confirmed the findings. In the liver of the birds fed melanin, there was an increase in relative expression of CAT (by 4.08 times at p = 0.00002), GSH-Gpx (by 5.53 times at p = 0.07), SOD (by 6.31 times at p = 0.06), and AvBD9 (by 2.72 times at p = 0.31). Melanin had a beneficial effect on the birds’ growth, especially during the first week of the experiment. The average daily gain (ADG) for the entire period was 67.16 g in the test group vs. 66.74 g in the control. The results indicate that melanin is a prospective dietary additive for broilers, especially during various stresses.

Keywords: broilers, melanin, feed digestibility, blood biochemistry, gene expression, immunity, antioxidant protection, productivity.

 

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