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Iaremko A.B., Kornev K.P., Prikhodko S.I., Slovareva O.Y. Biological features and methods of de-tection and identifications of Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (Smith) Mergaert et al., the causative agent of maize bacterial wilt (review). Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2026, Vol. 61, № 1, p. 20-39.
(how to cite this article)

doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2026.1.20eng

UDC: 632.913.1:579.64

 

BIOLOGICAL FEATURES AND METHODS OF DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATIONS OF Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (Smith) Mergaert et al., THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF MAIZE BACTERIAL WILT (review)

A.B. Iaremko1 ✉, K.P. Kornev1, 2, S.I. Prikhodko1, O.Y. Slovareva1, 2

1All-Russian Plant Quarantine Center, 32, ul. Pogranichnaya, Bykovo, Ramensky Municipal District, Moscow Province, Russia 140150, e-mail an_ya94@mail.ru (✉ corresponding author), konstantin.kornev@gmail.com, svetlana.prik@yandex.ru, slovareva.olga@gmail.com;
2RUDN University, 6, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya, Moscow, 117198 Russia

ORCID:
Iaremko A.B. orcid.org/0000-0003-3295-8080
Prikhodko S.I. orcid.org/0000-0002-1281-4410
Kornev K.P. orcid.org/0000-0002-3490-1857
Slovareva O.Y. orcid.org/0000-0001-6022-5955

Final revision received April 22, 2025
Accepted July 06, 2025

This article provides a detailed review dedicated to a quarantine pest, bacterial wilt of maize caused by Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (Smith) Mergaert et al. The taxonomic position, history of nomenclature changes, geographical distribution, phytosanitary status, biological characteristics, and existing diagnostic methods for this economically significant phytopathogenic bacterium affecting maize (Zea mays L.) are described. The systematic position of the bacterium and the history of its discovery illustrate the complex path of identifying P. stewartii subsp. stewartii since the end of the 19th century. The taxonomic status of the pathogen, first described by F.C. Stewart in the USA (F.C. Stewart, 1897), has changed multiple times, from Pseudomonas stewarti to Erwinia stewartii. In 1993, based on phylogenetic analysis, the bacterium was assigned to the genus Pantoea (J. Mergaert et al., 1993). A significant taxonomic event was the simultaneous description of the non-pathogenic to maize subspecies P. stewartii subsp. indologenes Mergaert et al. 1993, which subsequently became a centralissue in the identification (J. Mergaert et al., 1993) of the bacterial wilt of maize. Morphologically, the bacterium is characterized as gram-negative, facultative anaerobe, capable of altering motility depending on environmental conditions (C.M. Herrera et al., 2008). Analysis of geographical distribution indicates that the primary source of the phytopathogen was North America (E.F. Smith, 1903), from where it was introduced via seed material to other continents. Currently, its range has expanded, with foci present in North and South America, Africa, and Eurasia (EPPO Global Data Base, 2025). Special attention in the article is given to the detection and distribution of P. stewartii subsp. stewartii in Europe, which varies from complete absence (Belgium, Netherlands) to the periodic pest outbreaks (Italy, Slovenia, Ukraine) (EPPO Global Data Base, 2025; EFSA PHL Panel, 2018). This heterogeneity is directly linked to the risk of pathogen introduction with imported seed material, emphasizing the importance of reliable phytosanitary control and seed certification. Since the initial isolation and description of the phytopathogen to the present day, the symptomatology of the disease on maize has changed insignificantly, primarily manifesting as chlorotic streaks followed by necrosis and leaf dieback, plant wilting, and yellowing of vascular bundles in cross-sections (EPPO Global Data Base, 2025; EFSA PHL Panel, 2018). It is noted that bacterial wilt of maize poses the greatest danger to seedlings (M.C. Roper, 2011). The main pathways for bacteria distribution are insect vectors and infected seeds. Despite the low frequency of seed transmission, this pathway remains key for international dissemination, leading to the imposition of strict phytosanitary regulations in over 60 countries. The bacterium can persist latently in seeds for extended periods and can infect, besides its main host plant maize, several other crops. The detection and identification of P. stewartii subsp. stewartii cannot be accomplished without laboratory diagnostic methods. It is noted that existing standard methods, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols lack sufficient specificity (N. Pal et al., 2019). The main problem lies in the inability to reliably differentiate the maize-pathogenic subspecies P. stewartii subsp. stewartii from the non-pathogenic, economically insignificant subspecies P. stewartii subsp. indologenes present on plants. This leads to false-positive results, which have serious economic consequences for seed production and international trade. It has been shown that for identification of P. stewartii subsp. stewartii, there exist methods with insufficient specificity (ELISA, conventional PCR) and more accurate but costly and labor-intensive (multilocus sequence typing (MLST), fatty acid profiling) (J.T. Tambong, 2015; EPPO PM 7/60, 2016). Based on the material presented in the article, it is assumed that only the use of a combination of existing methods will allow reliable identification of the bacterial wilt of maize. Thus, this review systematizes fundamental knowledge about P. stewartii subsp. stewartii and highlights the main fundamental and practical challenges, namely the urgent need for the development and validation of novel highly specific, rapid, and cost-effective methods for the detection and identification of this quarantine pest. Addressing this issue is a prerequisite for effective phytosanitary risk management, ensuring biosafety, and facilitating unhindered trade in maize seeds.

Keywords: bacterial wilt of maize, Zea mays L., plant protection and quarantine, quarantine pest, identification of phytopathogen, diagnostic methods, ELISA, MALDI-TOF MS, MLST, SNP, PCR, EAEU, EPPO.

 

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