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Klimenko N.S., Vereshchagina A.B., Gandrabur E.S. Molecular approaches to studying genetic diversity of the bird cherry-cereal aphids Rhopalosiphum padi L. (review). Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2026, Vol. 61, № 1, p. 3-19.
(how to cite this article)

doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2026.1.3eng

UDC: 632.2:595.752.2:632.911.2:575.2

Acknowledgements:
Carried out within the Russian Science Foundation grant № 24-76-10009

 

MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO STUDYING GENETIC DIVERSITY OF THE BIRD CHERRY-CEREAL APHIDS Rhopalosiphum padi L. (review)

N.S. Klimenko✉, A.B. Vereshchagina, E.S. Gandrabur

All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection, 3, sh. Podbel’skogo, St. Petersburg, 196608 Russia, e-mail
ns-klimenko@mail.ru (✉ corresponding author), aphidabver@gmail.com, helenagandrabur@gmail.com

ORCID:
Klimenko N.S. orcid.org/0000-0002-5432-6466
Gandrabur E.S. orcid.org/0000-0001-9851-9799
Vereshchagina A.B. orcid.org/0000-0003-1342-5350

Final revision received April 04, 2025
Accepted May 12, 2025

The bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L. is an important pest of cereal crops. This species can cause substantial economic losses in agriculture and therefore represents a subject of intensive research. The high ecological adaptability of R. padi, determined by specific features of its life cycle, significantly complicates pest control strategies (A.F.G. Dixon, 1976; A.B.M. Austin et al., 1996; A.A. Hoffmann et al., 2008; C.-A. Dedryver et al., 2010; S. Macfadyen et al., 2012; M. Savaris et al., 2013). The study of genetic diversity in R. padi is of key importance for effective pest population management. Initially, aphid population monitoring relied exclusively on phenotypic methods; however, the development and subsequent integration of molecular genetic approaches have opened new opportunities and substantially accelerated the analysis of R. padi diversity. The aim of the present study was to review molecular genetic approaches used abroad to investigate the population structure of Rhopalosiphum padi, as similar studies in Russia remain scarce. The scientific novelty of this work lies in a comprehensive assessment of a wide range of methods—from classical allozyme polymorphism analyses to modern genomic technologies—and in evaluating their informativeness for studying the genetic diversity of this pest. Over recent decades, molecular methods such as allozyme and restriction analyses, RAPD markers, SSR genotyping, and sequencing have been increasingly applied in studies of R. padi (F. Delmotte et al., 2001; I. Valenzuela et al., 2010; R. Rakauskas et al., 2014; A. Gilabert et al., 2015; X. Duan et al., 2016; W. Sun et al., 2022; J. Guo et al., 2023). Allozyme analysis revealed low allelic diversity at the corresponding loci in R. padi, which limits its suitability for resolving the genetic structure of aphid populations (H.D. Loxdale & C.P. Brookes, 1990; P.D.N. Hebert et al., 1991; J.-C. Simon et al., 1995). Restriction analysis of mitochondrial DNA demonstrated an association between life-cycle variants of R. padi and mtDNA haplotypes; however, this method also proved insufficient for comprehensive assessment of aphid genetic diversity due to the low level of polymorphism detected (D.A. Martinez-Torres et al., 1996, 1997; J.-C. Simon et al., 1996; F. Delmotte et al., 2001). RAPD analysis, despite its advantage of universality and the absence of a requirement for prior knowledge of DNA sequences, likewise showed a low level of polymorphism in these markers (S.R. Bulman et al., 2005; J.-C. Simon et al., 1996; D. Martinez-Torres et al., 1997; R.M. Tabikha et al., 2016). SSR genotyping has become a widely used method for studying R. padi populations due to its comparatively higher discriminatory power and increased polymorphism of selected loci (F. Delmotte et al., 2001, 2002; A. Gilabert et al., 2009, 2015; I. Valenzuela et al., 2010; X. Duan et al., 2016; M.E. Rubio-Meléndez et al., 2019). In the present study, particular attention is given to modern approaches based on sequencing of individual genes (COI, COII, ND4, Cytb, EF-1α) and whole-genome data. Sequencing of specific gene fragments has provided new research opportunities by enabling the detection of differences at the level of individual nucleotides (C. Simon et al., 1994; M. Harry et al., 1998; J. Turčinavičienė et al., 2006; I. Valenzuela et al., 2010; R. Rakauskas et al., 2014; K. Wang et al., 2018; N.V. Alpatyeva et al., 2022; W. Sun et al., 2022; J. Guo et al., 2023; E.E. Radchenko et al., 2024). Whole-genome sequencing of R. padi provides comprehensive information on aphid genetic diversity but remains labor-intensive and is still not widely applied (R. Morales-Hojas et al., 2020; P. Thorpe et al., 2018). At the same time, the publication of the first annotated nuclear genome sequence of R. padi in the NCBI database (ASM2088224v1) by Chinese researchers (China Agricultural University, Beijing, China) opens new perspectives for comparative population studies of this species. Several authors have successfully combined different molecular techniques, such as SSR analysis with COI gene sequencing or mitochondrial DNA restriction analysis with RAPD markers, thereby increasing the accuracy and informativeness of the results (I. Valenzuela et al., 2010; J.-C. Simon et al., 1996). Overall, analysis of modern molecular genetic methods and their application in studies of the population structure of R. padi abroad provides a solid foundation for conducting similar research in Russia aimed at genetic monitoring of the pest’s adaptive variability.

Keywords: Rhopalosiphum padi, genetic structure of populations, molecular genetic methods, allelic polymorphism.

 

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