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doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2021.6.1156eng

UDC: 636.4:636.084:591.1

Acknowledgements:
Supported financially by Russian Science Foundation, project No. 19-16-00068

 

THE EFFECT OF DIHYDROQUERCETIN ON THE GROWTH AND USE OF FEED BY PIGS (Sus scrofa domesticus Erxleben, 1777) UNDER MODERATE HEAT STRESS

R.V. Nekrasov1 , M.G. Chabaev1, E.Yu. Tsis1, N.V. Bogolyubova1, A.A. Semenova1, 2

1Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, 60, pos. Dubrovitsy, Podolsk District, Moscow Province, 142132 Russia, e-mail nek_roman@mail.ru ( corresponding author), chabaev.m.g-1@mail.ru, tsis-elen@yandex.ru, 652202@mail.ru;
2Gorbatov Federal Center for Food Systems RAS, 26, ul. Talalikhina, Moscow,109316 Russia, e-mail semmm@mail.ru

ORCID:
Nekrasov R.V. orcid.org/0000-0003-4242-2239
Bogolyubova N.V. orcid.org/0000-0002-0520-7022
Chabaev M.G. orcid.org/0000-0003-1889-6063
Semenova A.A. orcid.org/0000-0002-4372-6448
Tsis E.Yu. orcid.org/0000-0003-1988-1189

Received July 15, 2021

Crossbred pigs are characterized by nervous instability, limited thermoregulation, and susceptibility to stress. Climate stress causes behavioral, physiological, functional, productive changes in farm animals. The aim of the research was to assess the influence of a moderate climatic stress factor (an increase in ambient temperature) on feeding, the digestibility of nutrients and productivity of intensively growing young pigs fed with dihydroquercetin (DHQ) during different periods of rearing and fattening (the physiological yard of the Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, 2020). For groups of crossbred boars F2 (Large White × Landrace) × Duroc, N = 36) were subjected to moderate heat stress (4-6 °С above the optimum). Control animals (group 1, n = 9) fed a basal diet (BD), group 2 (n = 9) received BD + adaptogen dihydroquercetin (DHQ) during the rearing period, group 3 (n = 9) during the rearing and fattening, and group 4 (n = 9) during periods of technological stress (7 days after transportation, after transferring to other feeds, and before slaughter). The adaptogen we used as dietary supplement was Ecostimul-2 (LLC Ametis, Russia; 45 mg/kg of feed, or 32 mg DHQ/kg of feed). Moderate heat stress during feeding period (weeks 12-15  of the experiment) led to a significant increase in air concentration of ammonia up to 16.7 mg/m3, hydrogen sulfide up to 1.67 mg/m3, and carbon dioxide up to 0.14 mg/m3. The blood cortisol level was 291.60 nmol/l in control group 1 (or 23.0 % above the upper value of reference limits of 41-237 nmol/l), 299.89 nmol/l in group 4, and 210 nmol/l (p > 0.05) in groups 2 and 3. At slaughter, the cortisol level was the highest in the control animals (284.77 nmol/l) while feeding DHQ in groups 3 and 4 decrease it to 234-253 nmol/l. Adverse external stimuli increased the mortality in the control to 11 % vs. 0 % in other groups. The animals were weighed weekly, and the average daily weight gain was assessed for each of the periods as compared to control with regard to environmental factors (microclimate parameters) and technology elements (change of feed, vaccination, etc.). During the growing period, the weight gain in all groups with DHQ were 1.5-1.7 % greater than in control group 1 (week 1, group 3, p < 0.05) that indicates better adaptation after transportation. Our study showed a significant increase in the average daily weight gain in certain periods of co-action of moderate heat stress and other stress factors, e.g., during vaccination (week 8, vaccination against classic swine fever, group 2 at 0.05 < р ≤ 0.1; groups 3 and 4 at p < 0.05). Over the experiment (growing and fattening periods), the largest average daily weight gain was in group 4 which received 32 mg/kg DHQ during technological stress, the difference with the control was 13.6 % (p > 0.05). In group 3 (32 mg/kg DHQ during the final fattening), there was a trend towards an increase in gross growth (by 6.2 %, 0.05 < р ≤ 0.1) compared to control. The balance test during the final fattening revealed a tendency to higher digestibility of dry matter in groups 3 and 4 (by 1.31 and 0.93 %, respectively; 0.05 < р ≤ 0.1). In the groups received DHQ, the nitrogen excretion with urine was lower (by 21.20, 14.47, and 21.91 g in groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively) compared to control group 1 (p = 0.18-0.37). Thus, dietary DHQ contributed to the retention and more efficient use of nitrogen by growing young pigs. With DHQ, excretion of calcium in the feces was also lower (by 3.48 g, p < 0.05; 1.68 g, p > 0.05; 2.87 g, p = 0.06) while its deposition in the body of growing young pigs was higher (by 3.52 g, p < 0.05; 1.62 g, p > 0.05; 2.85 g, p = 0.06) in groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Calcium utilization was 9.82 % higher (p < 0.05) in the animals of groups 2, 3, and 4. Thus, the control animals were more susceptible to the heat stress and had worse growth parameters, nutrient utilization, and higher mortality. Dietary DHQ applied during pig growing and fattening improves adaptive abilities of animals resulting in their better growth and productive performance.

Keywords: adaptogen, dihydroquercetin, stress, young pigs, productivity, average daily live weight gain, digestibility.

 

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