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Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2019, Vol. 54, № 5, p. 847-862.
(how to cite this article)

doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2019.5.847eng

UDC: 633.31:631.461.52:577.21

 

ROOT NODULE BACTERIA: PERSPECTIVES OF MONITORING SYMBIOTIC PROPERTIES BY APPLYING GENETIC MARKERS (review)

M.L. Roumiantseva

All-Russian Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 3, sh. Podbel’skogo, St. Petersburg, 196608 Russia, e-mail mroumiantseva@yandex.ru (✉ corresponding author)

ORCID:
Roumiantseva M.L. orcid.org/0000-0001-5582-6473

Received July 31, 2019

 

Alfalfa and soybeans are widely cultivated economically valuable fodder and leguminous crops the yield of which directly depends on bacterial microsymbionts. The legume seeds inoculation by nodule bacteria (rhizobia) is significantly increased the productivity of the plant-microbial system both in typical and in adverse growing conditions, for example, on degraded soils, including those subjected to salinization, waterlogging, aridity, etc. That is why obtaining new strains capable of forming highly productive and stress-tolerant symbiotic systems with leguminous plants is highly requested in agriculture. Modern technologies for the production of highly productive and environmentally friendly varieties of legumes require the use of a biogeocenotic approach which primary takes into account the symbiotrophic indicators (Z.S. Shamsutdinov, 2014). The formation of highly productive plant-microbial systems is based on the principle of complementarity of the interaction of macro- and microsymbiont genomes (I.A. Tikhonovich et al., 2015), that is ensured their successful introduction into agrocenoses, which differ in agroclimatic and soil conditions. Virulence, competitiveness, host specificity and effectiveness of nitrogen-fixing activity, which root nodule bacteria exhibit in relation to a certain species and sometimes to the variety of legume host plant, are among the symbiotically significant and genetically determined properties of rhizobia. All of the above symbiotically significant characteristics are determined by numerous groups of rhizobia genes. The review presents an analysis of data on the genes of soybean and alfalfa microsymbionts, the participation of which in the control of symbiotic activity and stress tolerance has been experimentally proven. Nodule bacteria of the species Sinorhizobium meliloti, S. fredii and Bradyrhizobium japonicum, contrastingly differing in the genetic and morphophysiological characteristics are the most studied. Analysis of recently published  data on the main groups of symbiotically significant genes (i.e. nod genes involved in the synthesis and decoration of the Nod factor signal molecule initiating the nodulation process during plant-microbial interaction, the nif, fix, and eff groups of genes responsible for the nitrogen fixation and symbiotic effectiveness) indicates a continuing high degree of incompleteness and fragmentation data for both fast- and slow-growing rhizobia species. At the same time, according to published data, allelic polymorphism for these genes is a factor that plays an important role in varying signaling, host specificity, and symbiotic effectivity in both fast and slow-growing species of nodule bacteria. It is concluded that a coupled analysis of sequences of genes from functionally different groups relating to the formation of highly effective stress-tolerant symbioses, which are represented by sym genes (symbiosis), srg (stress related genes; genes of resistance to stress factors), QS (quorum sensing genes), or sym-srg-QS genes, is promising for the search and creation of molecular markers associated with the symbiotic and adaptive properties of nodule bacteria and it is promising for monitoring them under laboratory conditions and in microbiome of agrocenosis.

Keywords: nodule bacteria, Sinorhizobium meliloti, S. fredii, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, alfalfa, soybean, genes of symbiotic activity, effectiveness, resistance to abiotic stresses.

 

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