Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2018, Vol. 53, № 5, p. 1080-1088.
(how to cite this article)

doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2018.5.1080eng

UDC 634.22:632.78:632.92:632.936

 

THE BIO-ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN POPULATIONS OF THE PLUM
MOTH Grapholitha funebrana Tr. (Lepidoptera: Tortri-cidae)
IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE
CENTRAL NECHERNOZEM ZONE OF RUSSIA

A.S. Zeynalov

All-Russian Horticultural Institute for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery, Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations, 4, ul. Zagor’evskaya, Moscow, 115598 Russia, e-mail adzejnalov@yandex.ru (✉ corresponding author)

ORCID:
Zeynalov A.S. orcid.org/0000-0001-5519-2837
The authors declare no conflict of interests

Received April 6, 2018

 

Climate change over the last decades and rising global temperatures, especially in the Northern latitudes, affect ecosystems, including agricultural sector. The crops naturally grown in southern and central Russia are now expanding to northern areas along with dangerous pests that are not characteristic of these areas. Plum moth Grapholitha funebrana Tr. causes over 80 % yield losses. At least 3-4 treatments are required during the growing season to ensure the profitability. Chemical and environmentally friendly methods (pheromone traps) are of practical use. Anyway, successful protection requires detailed biological and ecological characterization of the pest in a specific area. In the Central Non Chernozem Zone of Russia such studies have not yet been conducted. This paper is the first evidence of G. funebrana wide spread in the Central Non Chernozem Zone where the pest can produce two generations. The study was carried out in the fruit-bearing plum plantations (All-Russian Horticultural Institute for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery, Moscow Region, Leninskii district) in 2015-2017. Summer dynamics of G. funebrana population was monitored using pheromone traps with Denazil-P («Schelkovo Agrokhim», Russia) to attract moth males. Two days after the first plum moth butterflies flied, 400 leaves and the same number of ovaries (after their formation) were collected from 10 trees standing evenly along diagonals of the plantation to determine the start date of egg laying. From each tree the leaves and ovaries were collected daily from four sides (10 samples per side). The beginning of caterpillar hatching was determined by daily viewing 400 ovaries, starting from day 4 after the detection of the first eggs laid. Our survey shows that northern populations of G. funebrana are presently widely spread and successfully adapted outside 52° north latitude previously deemed the northern border of plum moth area. In Central Non-Chernozem Zone, particularly in the Moscow region (55° north latitude), the pest is capable to produce not one but two generations if sum of effective temperatures (SET) above 10 °C is 854-1124 °C. This is much lower than the value for the forest-steppe zone in Ukraine (1231-1353 °C). In some years the second G. funebrana generation exceeds the first generation in abundance. The start date of the overwintered generation flight varies greatly depending on the weather conditions during spring. The favorable sum of effective temperatures is from 59.4 to 159.8 °C which coincides with flowering and ovary formation in plum trees. So SET values and phenophases of plant development are not reliable reference points to forecast the beginning of the butterfly flight. Unlike geographical populations of G. funebrana from the southern and central zones of horticulture, butterflies of northern G. funebrana population remain active at daily air average temperature of 11-14 °C. This study indicates that in the northern gardening protective measures should be planned against both the first and second generation of plum fruit moth to prevent mass damage to fruits and to reduce the number of overwintering G. funebrana population

Keywords: Grapholitha funebrana Tr., northern populations, pheromone traps, the sum of effective temperatures, the dynamics of the flight.

 

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