Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2018, Vol. 53, ¹ 5, p. 969-976.
(how to cite this article)

doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2018.5.969eng

UDC 633.854.78:632.4:615.9

 

REASONS OF CONTAMINATION OF PRODUCTION LOTS
OF SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.) SEEDS BY MYCOTOXINS

A.A. Burkin, M.I. Ustyuzhanina, E.V. Zotova, G.P. Kononenko

All-Russian Research Institute of Sanitary, Hygiene and Ecology— Branch of Federal Science Center Kovalenko All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary RAS, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, 5, Zvenigorodskoe sh., Moscow, 123022 Russia, e-mail kononenkogp@mail.ru (✉ corresponding author), aaburkin@mail.ru, ustpuma@list.ru, ezotova63@gmail.com

ORCID:
Burkin A.A. orcid.org/0000-0002-5674-2818
Ustyuzhanina M.I. orcid.org/0000-0001-7405-7577
Zotova E.V. orcid.org/0000-0002-1479-8602
Kononenko G.P. orcid.org/0000-0002-9144-615X
The authors declare no conflict of interests

Received January 14, 2018

 

In recent years, in our country there has been a clear trend towards sustainable growth in the production of sunflower oil. During long-term monitoring high risks of contamination with mycotoxins are established for the by-products of oil and oil-extracting industries, oil cakes and meals, which are traditionally in demand as valuable raw materials for mixed fodders (G.P. Kononenko et al., 2018). Among the possible reasons of contamination are the violations of the technology of production and storage of the final products, but the problem of the sanitary quality of oil seeds coming from the farms remains without attention. The purpose of our work was to survey the lots destined for the production of oil by comparing the contamination with mycotoxins of the main seeds and typical accompanying impurities.The average samples of sunflower oil seeds from the farms of the Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk and Lipetsk regions of the 2016 year crop were fractionated into seeds and impurities (according to GOST 22391-2015) for separate study of their contamination. We also examined a batch of seeds stored after cleaning in two compartments, in one of which there was a shutdown of the ventilation system and, as a result, self-warming foci arose. In addition, sunflower growing plants that were collected in June-September 2016 and 2017 in the subsidiary farms of the Moscow, Tver, Voronezh and Rostov regions were analyzed for mycotoxins. Ground parts (n = 65) were cut at a height of 5 cm from the soil surface, dried in a shaded ventilated room and crushed whole. Another part of the plants (n = 29) was divided into leaves, stems and baskets before grinding. The mycotoxins group containing T-2 toxin (T-2), diacetoxycirpenol (DAS), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins (FUM), alternariol (AOL), aflatoxin B1 (AB1), sterigmatocystin (STE), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), emodin (EMO), ochratoxin A (OA), citrinin (CIT), mycophenolic acid (MPA), PR toxin (PR) and ergot alkaloids (EA) were determined by the enzyme immunoassay. Our tests show that in seeds AOL is almost universally encountered, MPA and EMO are somewhat less frequent, the remaining mycotoxins are not detected. In contrast, in impurities, in addition to AOL, EMO and MPA, fusariotoxins (T-2, DAS, ZEN) are often enough, whereas CPA and CIT are more rare, and DON, STE, EA occur in a few samples. The ranges of AOL, EMO and MPA content are significantly wider and the average values for the samples are significantly higher than those found in the seeds. The newly discovered fact of multiple and intensive contamination of impurities with mycotoxins has a great practical importance, as it is an experimental justification for the need for thorough harvest cleaning for further processing. Additional experiments with vegetating sunflower plants show the maximum content of mycotoxins in leaves and pseudanthium (sunflower head) as compared to stems. A sharp increase in the mycotoxin accumulation both in seeds and in impurities occurs under self-warming conditions. The obtained results show that fungi of the genera Alternaria and Penicillium can cause damage to the harvested crop. We will elucidate their role in more detail in further studies.

Keywords: Helianthus annuus, sunflower, seeds, impurities, mycotoxins, Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicillium, enzyme immunoassay.

 

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