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doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2019.4.693eng

UDC: 637:577.161.2:[636.083+637.02

Acknowledgements:
Supported financially by Russian Science Foundation, grant No. 16-16-04047

 

ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION TO ENRICH FOODS WITH VITAMIN

V.M. Kodentsova1 , D.V. Risnik2, V.K. Mazo3

1Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 2/14, Ust’yinskii per., Moscow, 109240 Russia, e-mail kodentsova@ion.ru (✉ corresponding author);
2Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, 1-12, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991 Russia, e-mail biant3@mail.ru;
3All-Russian Research Institute of Poultry Processing Industry — Branch of Federal Scientific Center All-Russian Research and Technological Poultry Institute RAS, 1, Rzhavki, Solnechnogorsk Region, Moscow Province, 141552 Russia, e-mail mazo@ion.ru

ORCID:
Kodentsova V.M. orcid.org/0000-0002-5288-1132
Mazo V.K. orcid.org/0000-0002-3237-7967
Risnik D.V. orcid.org/0000-0002-3389-8115

Received January 30, 2019

 

Vitamin D deficiency found in 50-90 % of the adult and children's population in Russia (I.N. Zakharova et al., 2015; V.M. Kodentsova et al., 2017, 2018) and caused by inadequate intake and reduced endogenous synthesis in the skin due to insufficient solar irradiation, is associated with many chronic diseases and makes an important problem (A. Hossein-nezhad et al., 2013). One of the options for biofortification, called “bio-addition”, is based on the ability of living organisms to form vitamin D from endogenous ergosterol by UV irradiation. Ultraviolet irradiation of animals allows minimizing seasonal variations in the concentration of vitamin D in cow’s milk (R.R. Weir et al., 2017). A one-hour exposure of animals for 14-day to insolation at summer noon increased the vitamin D3 content in pork (p < 0.001) to 0.716±0.097 µg/100 g (28.6±3.9 IU/100 g) which significantly exceeded the same indicator in the control animals (0.218±0.024 µg/100 g, or 8.7±1.0 IU per 100 g) (D.E. Larson-Meyer et al., 2017). UV irradiation effectively increased vitamin D level in chicken, from 0.16 to 0.96 µg per 100 g, even at 3000 IU/kg of dietary vitamin D3 (A. Schutkowski et al., 2013).The amount of vitamin D2 in shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) can achieve, under optimal conditions of UV irradiation, 29.87±1.38 µg per g dry weight. In the USA, Ireland, the Netherlands and Australia, fresh mushrooms are exposed to UV irradiation, which leads to an increase in the vitamin D2 content to 10 µg/100 g wet weight (O. Taofiq et al., 2017; G. Cardwell et al., 2018). This is 50-100 % of the recommended daily consumption of the vitamin. The processing of baking yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by ultraviolet irradiation induces the conversion of ergosterol into vitamin D2. The average content of vitamin D2 is 3,065,417 IU/100 g (2,560,000-3,750,000 IU/100 g) or 770 µg/g (640-940 µg/g), which increases its initial concentration (less than 20 IU of vitamin D2/100 g) almost 30-50-fold (EFSA, 2014). The vitamin D2-enriched UV-treated yeast is allowed by The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for fortification of yeast-leavened bread, rolls and fine pastry at maximum D2 dose of 5 μg per 100 g of the products. The concentration of vitamins D2 and D3 after UV irradiating of the wheat germ oil (1.6 mm oil layer) was 1035 and 37 ng/g, respectively (A.C. Baur et al., 2016). Similarly, there is an increase of the vitamin D content in eggs after exposure of chickens to UV irradiation or natural sunlight (A. Schutkowski et al., 2013; J. Kühn et al., 2014, 2015). In the conditions of the complete absence of the commercial production of vitamins in our country, bio-addition with vitamin D of chicken meat, eggs and dairy products by UV irradiation of animals, mushrooms, yeast, vegetable oils takes on particular significance.

Keywords: vitamin D, вiofortification, bio-addition, poultry, eggs, cows' milk, mushrooms, vitamin D-enriched UV-treated baker‘s yeast, ultraviolet light irradiation, wheat germ oil.

 

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