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Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2019, Vol. 54, № 4, p. 681-692.
(how to cite this article)

doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2019.4.681eng

UDC: 636.084.524:637.4.04:615.322

Acknowledgements:
Supported financially by Russian Science Foundation, grant No 16-16-04047

 

FUNCTIONAL EGG PRODUCTION. III. THE ROLE OF THE CAROTENOIDS (review)

A.Sh. Kavtarashvili, I.L. Stefanova, V.S. Svitkin

Federal Scientific Center All-Russian Research and Technological Poultry Institute RAS, 10, ul. Ptitsegradskaya, Sergiev Posad, Moscow Province, 141311 Russia, e-mail alexk@vnitip.ru (✉ corresponding author), dp.vniipp@mail.ru, 89267796966@yandex.ru

ORCID:
Kavtarashvili A.Sh. orcid.org/0000-0001-9108-1632
Svitkin V.S. orcid.org/0000-0002-4161-0986
Stefanova I.L. orcid.org/0000-0002-4394-5149

Received June 6, 2019

 

Recent growth of public awareness on the role of carotenoids (especially xanthophylls) in the prophylaxis and dietotherapy of certain oncologic, cardiovascular, and ocular diseases in human related to antioxidative and immunomodulating properties (E. Bakan et al., 2014) made these substances used earlier for the improvement of egg yolk color (and, as a consequence, attractibility of the eggs for consumers) valuable target substances in the production of dietetic, designer, and functional eggs (V.P. Singh et al., 2012). High bioavailability of carotenoids from table eggs due to the solubilization in yolk lipids makes the eggs a suitable source of carotenoids for the enrichment of human diet (H.-Y. Chung et al., 2004). In the study presented different aspects of practical production of functional eggs enriched with carotenoids are reviewed: the sources of carotenoids in the diets for laying hens and their comparative efficacy; metabolism of carotenoids in hens and its relation to the metabolism of lipids; the effects of different xanthophyll sources on health and productivity in hens, egg quality, the intensity of yolk coloration, concentrations of xanthophylls in yolk. The main advantage of synthetic preparations of carotenoids is their high availability for the layers (M. Marounek et al., 2016); however, due to their expensiveness these sources can be economically unprofitable in the production of enriched eggs. Natural sources of basic yolk carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin (S.M. Vostrikova et al., 2011), e.g. marigold (Tagetes spp.), frequently contain substantial part of these xanthophylls as ethers with fatty acids; the availability of these forms for layers is significantly lower in compare to the saponified forms (K. Lokaewmanee et al., 2011). These sources can be preliminary saponified to release the etherified xanthophylls: it will improve the availability of the latter for layers by 40-60 %, the transfer of these substances to egg yolks (H. Hencken, 1992), and prevent the resulting fatty acid profiles of eggs from the shift to higher percentage of saturated fatty acids (A. Altunta et al., 2014). The disadvantage of this approach is related to low stability of saponified preparations during the storage; researchers recommend these preparations to be stored frozen and to be used as soon as possible after the unpacking. Different effects of the sources of xanthophylls on the productive performance in layers (primarily the intensity of lay, egg weight and morphology) were reported: certain authors reported the significant improvements of these productivity parameters while other authors found these parameters to remain at the level of control treatments or be slightly lower. The majority of studied sources providing xanthophylls in the forms available for layers substantially and significantly improves the parameters of yolk coloration intensity (decreases index of lightness L* and increases indices of yellowness b* and redness a*) and concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin in yolk. Reasonable choice of sources and doses can result in eggs enriched with xanthophylls to the extent where the eggs could be considered functional carotenoid sources for human (A. Sahoo et al., 2014), though no normal consumption rates for the xanthophylls irrespective to specific diseases were so far developed (E. Toti et al., 2018).

Keywords: functional eggs, carotenoids, lutein, zeaxanthin, layer diet, dietary carotenoid sources, egg yolk quality.

 

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