Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2018, Vol. 53, ¹ 4, p. 831-841.
(how to cite this article)

doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2018.4.831eng

UDC 636.2:619:618.3:577.1

 

ANTIOXIDANT STATUS AND FUNCTIONAL CONDITION
OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF NEWBORN CALVES
WITH INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION

V.A. Safonov1, V.I. Mikhalev2, A.E. Chernitskiy2

1Vernadskii Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry RAS, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, 19, ul. Kosygina, Moscow, 119991 Russia, e-mail safonovbio@gmail.com;
2All-Russian Research Veterinary Institute of Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy RAAS, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, 114-b, ul. Lomonosova, Voronezh, 394087 Russia, e-mail vnivipat@mail.ru, cherae@mail.ru (✉ corresponding author)

ORCID:
Safonov V.A. orcid.org/0000-0002-5040-6178
Chernitskiy A.E. orcid.org/0000-0001-8953-687X
Mikhalev V.I. orcid.org/0000-0001-9684-4045
The authors declare no conflict of interests

Received March 21, 2018

 

Intrauterine fetal and embryo growth retardation (IUGR), defined as a discrepancy of embryo forming and fetus size and their gestation terms, is a common pathology among farm animals. Respiratory dysfunctions in newborns with IUGR are among the factors leading to animal death from birth to weaning. The immature antioxidant defense system (AOS) of newborns with IUGR predisposes to oxidative stress progression and associated pathologies. We show in this paper the lack of enzymatic and non-enzymatic links of antioxidant protection, an increased concentration of malonic dialdehyde in blood and in exhaled air, and higher expiration of enzymes of different subcellular localization, i.e. alanine aminotransferase, g-glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, indicating damage to the respiratory tract cells. These data contribute to elucidating mechanisms of respiratory dysfunctions as influenced by IUGR. A comparative study of AOS indicators, functional state of respiratory organs of newborn calves and the respiratory disease progression in the neonatal period was carried out at a large dairy complex (Agrotech-Garant Nashchekino Co. Ltd, Anninsky Region, Voronezh Province) in 2013. A total of 53 red-motley calves were examined, including 28 calves with IUGR in history and 25 ones whose mothers had physiological course of pregnancy (control group). In 24 hours after the calves’ birth, switch tail hair samples, blood and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) were collected for biochemical studies, the heart rate (HR) and frequency of respiratory rate (RR) per minute, the ratio of HR/RR (Hildebrandt index), tidal volume (TV) and respiratory minute volume (RMV), the volume of EBC produced per minute (V1) and from 100 liter of exhaled air (V2) were determined. The hair concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, selenium and cobalt were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Shimadzu AA6300, Japan); the activity of catalase, selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) in blood, the blood concentration of malonic dialdehyde (MDA), the serum (plasma) content of vitamin A, α-tocopherol, L-ascorbic acid and total antioxidant activity (AOA) were studied spectrophotometrically (Shimadzu UV-1700, Japan). The MDA concentration (Shimadzu UV-1700, Japan), intensity of iron-induced chemiluminescence (BHL-07, Russia), the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) (Hitachi-902, Japan) were examined in EBC of calves. In the calves with IUGR, as compared to the control group, blood catalase activity reduced by 14.4 % (P < 0.001), GPO by 14.0 % (P < 0.001) and SOD by 33.8 % (P < 0.001), blood serum content of vitamin A decreased by 36.7 % (P < 0.05) and α-tocopherol by 38.3 % (P < 0.001), while blood plasma AOA was higher by 18.6 % (P < 0.01), hair concentration of copper decreased by 28.3 % (P < 0.001), zinc by 10.7 % (P < 0.001), manganese by 9.4 % (P < 0.001), selenium by 26.4 % (P < 0.001) and cobalt by 36.8 % (P < 0.001), the MDA level in blood and EBC increased by 26.8 % (P < 0.001) and 119.5 % (P < 0.001), respectively, also, intensity of chemiluminescence outbreak Imax and the light sum of chemiluminescence S of EBC were higher by 36.2 % (P < 0.01) and 40.6 % (P < 0.01), respectively. An increase in the ratio of S/tg2α in EBC of calves with IUGR (by 35.5 % compared to the control group, P < 0.01) indicated imbalance of oxidative and antioxidant activity of EBC and oxidative stress progression. Structural and functional damage of respiratory tract under oxidative stress of IUGR calves was accompanied by an increase in ALAT expiration by 105.9 % (P < 0.001), GGT by 416.1 % (P < 0.001), ASAT by 62.5 % (P < 0.001), and respiratory moisture release (V2) by 67.3 % (P < 0.001) compared to the control group. An increase in Hildebrandt index of calves with IUGR (by 7.9 % compared to the control group, P < 0.05) indicates the autonomic regulation disorder and the cardiorespiratory functional system overstrain. A statistically significant relationship was found between the risk of bronchopneumonia development and the S/tg2a ratio which reflects the balance of EBC oxidative and antioxidant activity (rt-K = +0.58, P < 0.01), and also the blood activity of catalase (rt-K = -0.68, P < 0.01), GPO (rt-K = -0.36, P < 0.05) and SOD (rt-K = -0.62, P < 0.01).

Keywords: intrauterine fetal and embryo growth retardation, newborn calves, antioxidant defense system, oxidative stress, exhaled breath condensate, respiratory diseases, bronchopneumonia.

 

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