Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2018, Vol. 53, ¹ 3, p. 485-498.
(how to cite this article)

doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2018.3.485eng

UDC 633.854.78:615.9

 

THE PROBLEM OF SAFE SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.) USE
FOR FOOD AND FODDER PURPOSES (review)

G.P. Kononenko, M.I. Ustyuzhanina, A.A. Burkin

All-Russian Research Institute of Sanitary, Hygiene and Ecology, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, 5, Zvenigorodskoe sh., Moscow, 123022 Russia, e-mail kononenkogp@mail.ru (✉ corresponding author), ustpuma@list.ru, aaburkin@mail.ru

ORCID:
Kononenko G.P. orcid.org/0000-0002-9144-615X
Ustyuzhanina M.I. orcid.org/0000-0001-7405-7577
Burkin A.A. orcid.org/0000-0002-5674-2818

Received July 19, 2017

 

Risks associated with the contamination of agricultural products with mycotoxins have been and still remain under the close attention of the world’s biological science. In recent decades, special concern was related to the state of the grain harvest, intended for food and feed purposes. In most grain-producing countries, significant progress has been made in the identification of toxin-forming micromycetes and assessing the risk caused by the spread of mycotoxins (T.Yu. Gagkaeva et al., 2004; G.P. Kononenko et al., 2008, 2009; P.M. Scott et al., 2012). For the second most important group of agricultural plants, the oilseeds represented mainly by sunflower, soybean, peanut, rapeseed and cotton, there is a significant lag in such studies, which only has to be overcome. Helianthus annuus L. is cultivated everywhere, practically in all regions of the world, suitable for agriculture, and the area of its commercial cultivation is also extremely wide. The group of world leaders in the production of sunflower seeds includes the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Argentina, India and China, but this crop is also cultivated on a significant scale in other countries. The purpose of this review was to systematize and compare the world data on the composition of mycobiota and the nature of contamination by mycotoxins of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seeds and the products of their processing. In surveys conducted in the Middle East, Africa, South and South-East Asia, the mycobiota of the seeds revealed the dominance of fungi of the genus Aspergillus with the typical species A. flavus and the frequent detection of A. niger, and for less common fungi Penicillium, Alternaria and Fusarium common regularities were not traced. In India, Pakistan, Tanzania, Malaysia, Iran and Egypt, the contamination of seeds by aflatoxins was assessed as very high, and the seed processing products for oil retained the same type of contamination, but with an increased detection rate and a more intensive accumulation of mycotoxins (S. Dawar et al., 1991; S.K. Abdullah et al., 2010; H.R. Beheshti et al., 2013; J.A. Mmongoyo et al., 2017). In a number of works, experimental confirmation was obtained that, when storing seeds, especially in conditions of high humidity and temperature, the accumulation of aflatoxins sharply increases (H.H. Casper et al., 1982; P. Jeswal et al., 2013). In the countries of South America (Argentina, Brazil), fungi of the genera Alternaria, Fusarium and alterniotoxins predominated in sunflower seeds (C.R. Pozzi et al., 2005). In European countries, the fungi of the genera Alternaria and Fusarium are also classified as the main components of the mycobiota of sunflower seeds, but the data on the species composition of these micromycetes and the contamination of the seeds with mycotoxins are very limited. Long-term studies performed in the Russian Federation show widespread distribution of fungi of the genus Alternaria on the vegetative plants and sunflower seeds, most often of small-spore unspecialized species A. tenuissima, A. alternata and ‘A. infectoria’ complex (M.V. Ivebor et al., 2012). Fusarium infection in the European area of cultivation is shown annually, while the species diversity is very significant (A.A. Vyp-ritskaya, 2015). Nevertheless, until now, mycotoxicological evaluation of the yield of sunflower seeds in the main areas of commercial cultivation of the crop in our country has not been carried out. During monitoring surveys of sunflower oil cakes and meals, multiple combined contamination by mycotoxins was established with dominance of alternariol and ochratoxin A and a significant contribution of T-2 toxin, as well as citrinin, emodin, mycophenolic acid and cyclopiazonic acid (E.V. Zotova et al., 2017). The nature of the contamination of this feed raw material in the Russian Federation is fundamentally different from that described in the countries of the Middle East, Africa, South and South-East Asia, primarily due to the absence of aflatoxin B1 and the significant occurrence of ochratoxin A, often in conjunction with citrinin. The generalization and comparative analysis of the broad database of scientific data, undertaken in this paper, allow us to identify ways of eliminating shortcomings in restricting the standardization of mycotoxins and to outline the most relevant areas for future research.

Keywords: Helianthus annuus L., sunflower, seeds, sunflower meal, oilcake, micromycetes, fungal diseases, mycotoxins.

 

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