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Zubareva V.D., Sokolova O.V., Bezborodova N.A., Shkuratova I.A., Krivinogova A.S., Bytov M.V. Molecular mechanisms and genetic determinants of resistance to antibacterial drugs in microorganisms (review). Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2022, Vol. 57, № 2, p. 237-256.
(how to cite this article)

doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2022.2.237eng

UDC: 579.62:[579.22+579.25

Acknowledgements:
The work was carried out within the framework of the State Assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (topic No. 0532-2021-0004 “Development of methodological approaches to monitoring, control and containment of antibiotic resistance of opportunistic microorganisms in animal husbandry”).

 

MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF RESISTANCE TO ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS IN MICROORGANISMS (review)

V.D. Zubareva ✉, O.V. Sokolova, N.A. Bezborodova,
I.A. Shkuratova, A.S. Krivinogova, M.V. Bytov

Ural Federal Agrarian Scientific Research Centre UB RAS, 112a, ul. Belinskogo, Ekaterinburg, 620142 Russia, е-mail zzub97@mail.ru (✉ corresponding author), nauka_sokolova@mail.ru, info@urnivi.ru, tel-89826512934@yandex.ru, bytovmaks@mail.ru

ORCID:
Zubareva V.D. orcid.org/0000-0003-0284-0276
Shkuratova I.A. orcid.org/0000-0003-0025-3545
Sokolova O.V. orcid.org/0000-0002-1169-4090
Krivonogova A.S. orcid.org/0000-0003-1918-3030
Bezborodova N.A. orcid.org/0000-0003-2793-5001
Bytov M.V. orcid.org/0000-0002-3622-3770

November 9, 2021

 

The emergence of antibiotic resistance is a serious public health problem, since antibiotic-resistant bacteria that develops in conditions of agro-industrial enterprises can easily transmit to humans through products and raw materials of animal origin and contaminate the environment with agricultural waste. Several reviews cover the problem (C. Manyi-Loh et al., 2018; A.N. Panin et al., 2017). A significant number of publications describe the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, including modification of the target affected by the drug; the acquisition of metabolic pathways alternative to those inhibited by an antimicrobial agent; overproduction of the target enzyme; enzymatic inactivation and active efflux of the antibiotic (it’s excretion outside the microbial cell). These mechanisms can be natural for some microorganisms or acquired from other microorganisms (M.F. Varela et al., 2021; W.C. Reygaert, 2018; A.L. Bisekenova et al., 2015). Understanding these mechanisms will allow us to choose the best treatment option for each specific infectious disease and develop antimicrobial drugs that prevent the spread of resistant microorganisms. The most clinically significant antibiotic resistance genes are usually located on different mobile genetic elements (MGE) that can move intracellularly (between the bacterial chromosome and plasmids) or intercellularly (within the same species or between different species or genera) (C.O. Vrancianu et al., 2020). Among the three main mechanisms involved in horizontal gene transfer, transformation of antibiotic resistance genes between bacterial species happens rarely. However, conjugation with the participation of mobile genetic elements, such as transposons and plasmids, is the most effective and important method of spreading antibiotic resistance (J.M. Bello-López et al., 2019). The purpose of this review is to describe antibiotic resistance genes distinctive for the microbiota of farm animals under the conditions of the agro-industrial complexes, as well as the mechanisms of the formation of antibacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs used in veterinary medicine. In addition, this report covers the direct localization of the genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance, outlines the main measures to control antibiotic resistance, which include i) reducing the use of antibiotics due to improving animals' welfare and living conditions and ii) monitoring and supervision of the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance, livestock sector, mechanisms of resistance, antibiotic drugs, mobile genetic elements, genetic determinants, microorganisms.  

 

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