Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2018, Vol. 53, № 2, p. 223-234.
(how to cite this article)

doi: 110.15389/agrobiology.2018.2.223eng

UDC 636.08:636.018:577.12/.17

 

THE HYPOTHESIS OF A SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
PEROXISOMAL, MITOCHONDRIAL, AND CYTOPLASMIC PROCESSES
IN METABOLIC REGULATION OF HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE RUMI-NANTS

V.P. Galochkina, A.V. Agafonova, V.A. Galochkin

All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Nutrition — Branch  of Ernst Federal Science Center for Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, pos. Institut, Borovsk, 249013 Russia, e-mail bifip@kaluga.ru (✉ corresponding author V.A. Galochkin), serna-sun@mail.ru

ORCID:
Galochkina V.P. orcid.org/0000-0002-3121-7339
Galochkin V.A. orcid.org/0000-0002-5075-3647
Agafonova A.V. orcid.org/0000-0002-3749-4759

Received May 3, 2016

 

The authors believe that the explanation of the accumulated data on metabolic processes in highly productive ruminant animals, which for the time being remains within the framework of the existing physiological and biochemical paradigm, requires an in-depth interpretation on a fundamentally new experimental and conceptual basis, which assumes an analysis of the complex interconnections of the set of objects and their functions that were previously not considered. First, , it is necessary to consider the biochemistry of intracellular compartmentalization from a different point of view based on the strict mutual complementarity of the mitochondrial Krebs cycle and the cytoplasmic glycolysis and gluconeogenesis with a peroxisomal glyoxylate cycle. The possibility of glyoxylate cycle functioning in highly productive ruminants was postulated by the authors for the first time following from experimental data on catalytic activity of isocitrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.1) and malate synthase (EC 4.1.3.2) (V.P. Galochkina et al., 2012).The presence of these enzymes allows the synthesis of glucose from acetic acid, which comes in large quantities from the contents of the rumen. Ruminants are physiologically hypoglycemic. Phylogenetically, they mainly eat coarse vegetable food which increases the proportion of acetate in the rumen content. Easily hydrolyzed carbohydrates in the rumen content reduce the percentage of acetate and increase the proportion of propionate and butyrate, which results in a decreased pH (M. Oba et al., 2015).Permanent glucose deficiency causes an increase in the somatotropin to insulin level indicating an increase in the metabolically ineffective gluconeogenesis. Simultaneously, the blood concentration of unesterified fatty acidы increases, indicating an increase in lipolysis in fat depots. There is a low ratio of insulin to glucagon with an increase in urea concentration. Milk fat content reduces (F. Piccioli-Cappelli et al., 2014). Peroxysomes are partially capable of beta-oxidation of fatty acids to C 13, which facilitates Krebs cycle and allows changes in its metabolic orientation. The authors consider the glyoxylate cycle as a chance which enables the animal to improve metabolism and intensify productivity. Bicarbon acid oxidation is energetically more effective compared to tricarboxylic acid cycle, since the glyoxylate cycle is a shortened of tricarboxylic acid cycle capable of functioning without limiting isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reactions (V.P. Galochkina et al., 2011). Secondly, one must considered hypothetical provisions on the leading regulatory role of multifactorial interrelationships between mono- and multimolecular constellations of mono- and polymeric biologically active substances, hormones and enzymes, both temporarily formed and constant. This extensive group of specific agents includes insulin, peroxisomal cysteamine, glyoxylic acid, oxygen, hydroperoxide and D-amino acid oxidases. The theoretical positions stated in the article have passed primary validation in model experiments on intensively fattened bulls with the use of clenbuterol, the agonist of beta-adrenergic receptors.

Keywords: regulation of metabolism, peroxisomes, glyoxylate cycle, D-amino acid oxidase, glyoxylate, cysteamine, insulin, hydroperoxide, oxygen.

 

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