doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2022.1.122eng
UDC: 634.38:581.19
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF Morus alba AND Morus nigra SPECIES
F.I. Islamova✉, G.K. Radjabov, A.M. Musaev
Mountain Botanical Garden, Dagestan Federal Research Center RAS, 45, ul. Gadgieva, Makhachkala, Republic Dagestan, 367000 Russia, e-mail fatimaisl@mail.ru (✉ corresponding author), chemfarm@mail.ru, musaev-58@list.ru
ORCID:
Islamova F.I. orcid.org/0000-0003-4804-3168
Musaev A.M. orcid.org/0000-0001-6692-8571
Radjabov G.K. orcid.org/0000-0001-9263-5684
November 17, 2021
Mulberry (Morus L.), a woody plant popular in Russia is of great economic benefits. On the territory of the Dagestan Republic, there are two Morus species, the Morus alba L. and Morus nigra L. The mulberry fruits, from leaf, bark and root extracts have powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial properties and analgesic effects. In this paper, we revealed for the first time a high antioxidant status for two species, M. alba and M. nigra (cv. Hartut) growing in the Republic of Dagestan. Biochemical analysis revealed variability of the antioxidant level in the mulberry fruit pomace, leaves, bark, and roots. It was revealed that fruit pomace contains the required amount of mono-, disaccharides and bioactive compounds (e.g., water-soluble vitamins, organic acids) and has a rich mineral composition. The aim of the research was to assess the biological activity and biochemical composition of the fruit pomace, leaves, bark, and roots of mulberry plants grown in Dagestan. Plant material was sampled in the second decade of June 2020 (OOO Nizam, the suburbs of the city of Makhachkala, settlement Leninkent, Republic of Dagestan). The total content of antioxidants was measured amperometrically (a Tsvet Yauza 01-AA device, OAO NPO Khimavtomatika, Russia). The concentrations of water-soluble vitamins, organic acids and sugars were measured by capillary electrophoresis (a Kapel-105M system, OOO Lumex-marketing, Russia). Micro- and macro elements were quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry using ordinary acetylene-air flame atomization (a SavantAAΣ atomic absorption spectrometer, GBC Scientific Equipment Pty Ltd., Australia). The research results showed a high antioxidant status of fruit pomace, especially for white-fruited M. alba (400.73 mg/g) and M. nigra cv. Hartu (363.77 mg/g). A high level of antioxidants also occurred in leaves, bark, and roots. The antioxidant concentration in the leaves and roots of black-fruited form of M. alba was the highest, 44.56 mg/g and 71.79 mg/g, respectively. M. nigra plants have the highest amount of antioxidants in the bark, 36.33 mg/g. The quantitative determination revealed a higher content of vitamins C (ascorbic acid) and B9 (folic acid) in mulberry fruit pomace, and the white-fruited form of M. alba (31.4 and 5.2 mg%) and M. nigra cv. Hartut (29.0 and 6.0 mg%) were most prominent. Qualitative and quantitative analysis revealed 10 chemical elements in plants, of which five (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe) were of leading importance. Potassium in a larger amount (342.6 mg%) occurred in M. alba (black-fruited form), a high concentration of Ca (50.6 mg%) was characteristic of M. alba (pink-fruited form). M. nigra stood out by the accumulation of Mg (54.6 mg%). M. alba (black-fruited) contained the largest amount of Na (16.5 mg%). M. alba (pink-fruited) was distinguished by the content of Fe (3.1 mg%). As to organic asides of M. alba and M. nigra, in the samples, we revealed only malic and citric acids. In all samples, the content of citric acid was 1.5-2 times higher than that of malic acid, except for the pink-fruited M. alba. Of mono- and disaccharides (fructose, glucose, sucrose), glucose dominated quantitatively in all samples, especially in black-fruited M. alba (10.40 %). Our findings indicate the high biological value of the M. alba and M. nigra species and their high potential for the development of therapeutic and prophylactic food products, bioactive additives, etc. Therefore, more phytochemical studies are necessary to search and reproduce the most valuable forms for practical use and improvement.
Keywords: antioxidants, Morus alba, Morus nigra, cv. Hartut, macro elemns, microelevents, vitamins, organic acids, sugars.
REFERENCES
- Nemzer B.V., Yashin Ya.I., Yashin A.Ya. The issues of antioxidant therapy. American Journal of Biomedical Sciences, 2013, 5(2): 80-108 CrossRef
- Iannitti T., Palmieri B. Antioxidant therapy effectiveness: an up to date. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci., 2009, 13(4): 245-278.
- Ramos-Márquez M.E., Siller-López F. Current antioxidant molecular therapies for oxidative stress-related ailments. Current Gene Therapy, 2008, 8(4): 256-263 CrossRef
- Firuzi O., Miri R., Tavakkoli M., Saso L. Antioxidant therapy: current status and future prospects. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2011, 18(25): 3871-3888 CrossRef
- Prida A.I., Ivanova R.I. Pishchevye ingridienty. Syr'e i dobavki, 2004, 2: 76-78 (in Russ.).
- Liu F., Ng T.B. Antioxidative and free radical scavenging activities of selected medicinal herbs. Life Sciences, 2000, 66(8): 725-735 CrossRef
- Lubsandorzhieva P.B., Azhunova T.A. Farmatsiya, 2015, 6: 43-45 (in Russ.).
- Richter D.U., Mylonas I., Toth B., Scholz C., Briese V., Friese K., Jeschke U. Effects of phytoestrogens genistein and daidzein on progesterone and estrogen (estradiol) production of human term trophoblast cells in vitro. Gynecological Endocrinology, 2009, 25(1): 32-38 CrossRef
- Brooks J. Policy coherence and food security: the effects of OECD countries’ agricultural policies. Food Policy, 2014, 44: 88-94 CrossRef
- Paredes-López O., Cervantes-Ceja M.L., Vigna-Pérez M., Hernández-Pérez T. Berries: improving human health and healthy aging, and promoting quality life — a review. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 2010, 65(3): 299-308 CrossRef
- Jimenez-Garcia S.N., Guevara-Gonzalez R.G., Miranda-Lopez R., Feregrino-Perez A.A., Torres-Pacheco I., Vazquez-Cruz M.A. Functional properties and quality characteristics of bioactive compounds in berries: biochemistry, biotechnology, and genomics. Food Research International, 2013, 54(1): 1195-1207 CrossRef
- Eberhardt M.V., Lee C.Y., Liu R.H. Antioxidant and anticancer activities of fresh apples. Nature, 2000, 405(6789): 903-904 CrossRef
- Oszmiasski J., Wojdyіo A. Effects of blackcurrant and apple mash blending on the phenolics contents, antioxidant capacity, and color of juices. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 2009, 27(5): 338-351.
- Wang X., Kang J., Wang H.-Q., Liu C., Li B.-M., Chen R.-Y. Three new alkaloids from the fruits of Morus alba. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research,2014, 16(5), 453-458 CrossRef
- Kwak E.J., Lee J.Y., Choi I.S. Physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of Korean traditional alcoholic beverage, yakju, enriched with mulberry. Journal of Food Science, 2012, 77(7): 752-758 CrossRef
- Chung K.-O., Kim B.-Y., Lee M.-H., Kim Y.-R., Chung H.-Y., Park J.-H., Moon J.-O. In-vitro and in-vivo anti-inflammatory effect of oxyresveratrol from Morus alba L. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2003, 55(12): 1695-1700 CrossRef
- Naderi G.A., Asgary S., Sarraf-Zadegan N., Oroojy H., Afshin-Nia F. Antioxidant activity of three extracts of Morus nigra. Phytotherapy Research, 2004, 18(5): 365-369 CrossRef
- Kollar P., Bárta T., Hošek J., Souček K., Závalová V.M., Artinian S., Talhouk R., Šmejkal K., Suchý P. Jr., Hampl A. Prenylated flavonoids from Morus alba L. cause inhibition of G1/S transition in THP-1 human leukemia cells and prevent the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013: 350519 CrossRef
- Lu H.-P., Jia Y.-N., Peng Y.-L., Yu Y., Sun S.-L., Yue M.-T., Pan M.-H., Zeng L.-S., Xu L. Oxyresveratrol, a stilbene compound from Morus alba L. twig extract active against Trichophyton rubrum. Phytotherapy Research, 2017, 31(12): 1842-1848 CrossRef
- Mascarello A., Orbem Menegatti A.C., Calcaterra A., Martins P.G.A., Chiaradia-Delatorre L.D., D’Acquarica I., Ferrari F., Pau V., Sanna A., De Logu A., Botta M., Botta B., Terenzi H., Mori M. Naturally occurring Diels-Alder-type adducts from Morus nigra as potent inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine phosphatase B. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2018, 20(144): 277-288 CrossRef
- Wang W., Zu Y., Fu Y., Efferth T. In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of extracts from Morus alba L. leaves, stems and fruits. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 2012, 40(2), 349-356 CrossRef
- Zhou J., Li S.-X., Wang W., Guo X.-Y., Lu X.-Y., Yan X-P., Huang D., Wei B.-Y., Cao L. Variations in the levels of mulberroside A, oxyresveratrol, and resveratrol in mulberries in different seasons and during growth. Scientific World Journal, 2013: 380692 CrossRef
- Delmas D., Lanson A., Colin D., Jannin B., Latruffe N. Resveratrol as a chemopreventive agent: a promising molecule for fighting cancer. Current Drug Targets, 2006, 7(4): 423-442 CrossRef
- Yashin A.Ya., Yashin Ya.I. Mezhdunarodnaya informatsionnaya sistema po rezonansnym tekhnologiyam, 2004, 34: 10-14 (in Russ.).
- Arfan M., Khan R., Rybarczyk A., Amarowicz R. Antioxidant activity of mulberry fruit extracts. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2012, 13(2): 2472-2480 CrossRef
- Sohn H.Y., Son K.H., Kwon C.S., Kwon G.S., Kang S.S. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of 18 prenylated flavonoids isolated from medicinal plants: Morus alba L., Morus mongolica Schneider, Broussnetia papyrifera (L.) Vent, Sophora flavescens Ait and Echinosophora koreensis Nakai. Phytomedicine, 2004, 11(7-8): 666-672 CrossRef
- Lim H.J., Jin H.-G., Woo E.-R., Lee S.K., Kim H.P. The root barks of Morus alba and the flavonoid constituents inhibit airway inflammation. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2013, 149(1): 169-175 CrossRef
- Islamova F.I., Musaev A.M., Radzhabov G.K. Ovoshchi Rossii, 2019, 3: 87-90 CrossRef (in Russ.).
- Islamova F.I., Musaev A.M., Radzhabov G.K., Vagabova F.A., Guseinova Z.A., Mamalieva M.M. Voprosy biologicheskoi, meditsinskoi i farmatsevticheskoi khimii, 2016, 19(12): 19-23 (in Russ.).
- Yashin Ya.I., Ryzhnev V.Yu., Yashin A.Ya., Chernousova N.I. Prirodnye antioksidanty — nadezhnaya zashchita cheloveka ot opasnykh boleznei i stareniya [Natural antioxidants - reliable protection of a person from dangerous diseases and aging]. Moscow, 2008 (in Russ.).
- Tulipani S., Romandini S., Busco F., Bompadre S., Mezzetti B., Battino M. Ascorbate, not urate, modulates the plasma antioxidant capacity after strawberry intake. Food Chemistry, 2009, 117(1): 181-188 CrossRef
- Padilha M.M., Vilela F.C., Rocha C.Q., Dias M.J., Soncini R., dos Santos M.H., Alves-da-Silva G., Giusti-Paiva A. Antiinflammatory properties of Morus nigra leaves. Phytotherapy Research, 2010, 24(10): 1496-1500 CrossRef
- Preedy V.R. B vitamins and folate chemistry, analysis, function and effects. RSC, London, 2013 CrossRef
- Crider K.S., Yang T.P., Berry R.J., Bailey L.B. Folate and DNA methylation: a review of molecular mechanisms and the evidence for folate’s role. Advances in Nutrition, 2012, 3(1): 21-38 CrossRef
- Pietrzik K., Bailey L., Shane B. Folic acid and L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate: comparison of clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 2010, 49(8): 535-548 CrossRef
- Ercisli S., Orhan E. Chemical composition of white (Morus alba), red (Morus rubra) and black (M. nigra) mulberry fruits. Food Chem., 2007, 103(4): 1380-1384 CrossRef
- Okwu D.E. Phytochemicals, vitamins and mineral contents of two Nigerian medicinal plants. International Journal of Molecular Medicine and Advance
- Sciences, 2005, 1(4): 375-381.
Asranav E.K., Salieva M., Alizhanov Zh. Akademicheskaya publitsistika, 2019, 5: 24-28 (in Russ.).